中国物理海洋学研究70年:发展历程、学术成就概览

本文概略评述新中国成立70年来物理海洋学各分支研究领域的发展历程和若干学术成就。中国物理海洋学研究起步于海浪、潮汐、近海环流与水团，以及以风暴潮为主的海洋气象灾害的研究。随着国力的增强，研究领域不断拓展，涌现了大量具有广泛影响力的研究成果，其中包括:提出了被国际广泛采用的“普遍风浪谱”和“涌浪谱”，发展了第三代海浪数值模式；提出了“准调和分析方法”和“潮汐潮流永久预报”等潮汐潮流的分析和预报方法；发现并命名了“棉兰老潜流”，揭示了东海黑潮的多核结构及其多尺度变异机理等，系统描述了太平洋西边界流系；提出了印度尼西亚贯穿流的南海分支(或称南海贯穿流)；不断完善了中国近海陆架环流系统，在南海环流、黑潮及其分支、台湾暖流、闽浙沿岸流、黄海冷水团环流、黄海暖流、渤海环流，以及陆架波方面均取得了深刻的认识；从大气桥和海洋桥两个方面对太平洋–印度洋–大西洋洋际相互作用进行了系统的总结；发展了浅海水团的研究方法，基本摸清了中国近海水团的分布和消长特征与机制，在大洋和极地水团分布及运动研究方面也做出了重要贡献；阐明了南海中尺度涡的宏观特征和生成机制，揭示了中尺度涡的三维结构，定量评估了其全球物质与能量输运能力；基本摸清了中国近海海洋锋的空间分布和季节变化特征，提出了地形、正压不稳定和斜压不稳定等锋面动力学机制；构建了“南海内波潜标观测网”，实现了对内波生成–演变–消亡全过程机理的系统认识；发展了湍流的剪切不稳定理论，提出了海流“边缘不稳定”的概念，开发了海洋湍流模式，提出了湍流混合参数化的新方法等；在海洋内部混合机制和能量来源方面取得了新的认识，并阐述了混合对海洋深层环流、营养物质输运等过程的影响；研发了全球浪–潮–流耦合模式，推出一系列海洋与气候模式；发展了可同化主要海洋观测数据的海洋数据同化系统和用于ENSO预报的耦合同化系统；建立了达到国际水准的非地转(水槽/水池)和地转(旋转平台)物理模 型实验平台；发展了ENSO预报的误差分析方法，建立了海洋和气候系统年代际变化的理论体系，揭示了中深层海洋对全球气候变化的响应；初步建成了中国近海海洋观测网；持续开展南北极调查研究；建立了台风、风暴潮、巨浪和海啸的业务化预报系统，为中国气象减灾提供保障；突破了国外的海洋技术封锁，研发了万米水深的深水水听器和海洋光学特性系列测量仪器；建立了溢油、危险化学品漂移扩散等预测模型，为伴随海洋资源开发所带来的风险事故的应急处理和预警预报提供科学支撑。文中引用的大量学术成果文献(每位第一作者优选不超过3篇)显示，经过70年的发展，中国物理海洋学研究培养了一支实力雄厚的科研队伍，这是最宝贵的成果。这支队伍必将成为中国物理海洋学研究攀登新高峰的主力军。     

松辽盆地松南油页岩地质调查井绳索取心钻进技术

松辽盆地松南油页岩地层水敏性强，钻探施工过程中极易水化、剥落，甚至垮塌。2018年中国地质调查局在扶余-长春岭矿区布置了8口油页岩地质调查井，岩矿心采取率、终孔直径和岩心直径、孔斜率等的要求均较高。通过采用S95+5绳索取心钻进工艺，对钻孔结构、钻头选型、钻井液、钻进参数进行优化，成功地解决了油页岩地层护壁难问题，并且高质量地达到了工程质量要求。总结了油页岩地层绳索取心钻进关键技术。     

茅山竹矿断层气定点观测场地勘选

拟在茅山断裂带沿线布设若干个断层气连续观测点，建组断层气观测网。以茅山竹矿地区为例，通过断层气测量的初步结果，结合地质、人工地震、跨断层短水准等多种手段联合分析研究区断层的活动性，从而确定断层气定点观测的点位，为组建断层气观测网的选点提供借鉴和参考。     

旋翼无人机测算风速风向技术研究

目前大部分民用无人机没有准确测量风速、风向和预警风场的功能，然而森林火灾扑救等多种场景需要无人机可以提供准确的风速。本文提出了一种基于旋翼无人机坐标数据测算风速风向的技术，通过无人机主机RTK坐标信息及方位角、倾角数据精准获取螺旋桨点相对坐标信息，选择不同负载条件下无人机以1~16 m/s的不同速度分别飞行30 s以上，根据螺旋桨坐标信息变化数值，结合风洞测试数据及风场动力学原理，研究风速与旋翼无人机倾角关系，并通过风洞试验检验该方法精度；并可根据无人机RTK推算出的螺旋桨坐标变化信息判断风向。结果表明，无人机风速与旋翼无人机倾角呈正相关关系；无人机负载加重时，对应受风速干扰的倾角会相对减小；无人机飞行受阵风干扰出现噪点的概率，高海拔区域大于低海拔区域；并建立六旋翼无人机飞行倾角的风速估算模型y=－1.043 5+1.150 1x，该模型测算风速的中误差值为0.966，绝对值小于1，满足应急指挥现场对无人机测量风速精度要求。该方法得到风速测算精度高，可以为旋翼无人机实时获取风速风向提供一种可行方法，具有一定的实用价值。     

ADCP检定水池物理尺寸探讨

为满足当前ADCP计量检定的迫切需求,根据ADCP在水池拖车试验检定时,换能器发射声波的主瓣、旁瓣与检定水池池壁、池底形成的几何关系,推导出了抑制旁瓣、不抑制旁瓣时检定水池的尺寸需求。以市场占有率最高的ADCP产品为研究对象,计算得出了不同工作频率ADCP对检定水池宽度和深度的理论值。导出的公式,进一步完善了ADCP计量检定的理论基础,为ADCP在室内可控环境下的检定规范制定及检定平台设施建设提供参考与借鉴。     

多极化SAR溢油探测影响因素分析研究

Polarimetric synthetic aperture radar(SAR) oil spill detection parameters conformity coefficient(μ), Muller matrix parameters(|C|, B_0), the eigenvalues of simplified coherency matrix(λ_(nos)) and the influence of SAR observing parameters, ocean environment and noise level are investigated. Radarsat-2 data are used to make systematic analysis of polarimetric parameters for different incidences, wind speeds, noise levels and the ocean phenomena(oil slick and look likes). The influence of the SAR observing parameters, the ocean environment and the noise level on the typical polarimetric SAR parameter conformity coefficient has been analyzed. The results indicate that conformity coefficient cannot be simply used for oil spill detection, which represents the image signal to the noise level to some extent. When the signals are below the noise level for the oil slick and the look likes, the conformity coefficients are negative; while the signals above the noise level corresponds to positive conformity coefficients. For dark patches(low wind and biogenic slick) with the signal below the noise,polarization features such as conformity coefficient cannot separate them with oil slick. For the signal above the noise, the oil slick, the look likes(low wind and biogenic slick) and clean sea all have positive conformity coefficients, among which, the oil slick has the smallest conformity coefficient, the look likes the second, and the clean sea the largest value. For polarimetric SAR data oil spill detection, the noise plays a significant role. So the polarimetric SAR data oil spill detection should be carried out on the basis of noise consideration.     

An experimental investigation of the effects of thawed soil depth on rill flow velocity

Water flow velocity is an important hydraulic variable in hydrological and soil erosion models, and is greatly affected by freezing and thawing of the surface soil layer in cold high-altitude regions. The accurate measurement of rill flow velocity when impacted by the thawing process is critical to simulate runoff and sediment transport processes. In this study, an electrolyte tracer modelling method was used to measure rill flow velocity along a meadow soil slope at different thaw depths under simulated rainfall. Rill flow velocity was measured using four thawed soil depths (0, 1, 2 and 10 cm), four slope gradients (5°, 10°, 15° and 20°) and four rainfall intensities (30, 60, 90 and 120 mm·h⁻¹). The results showed that the increase in thawed soil depth caused a decrease in rill flow velocity, whereby the rate of this decrease was also diminishing. Whilst the rill flow velocity was positively correlated with slope gradient and rainfall intensity, the response of rill flow velocity to these influencing factors varied with thawed soil depth. The mechanism by which thawed soil depth influenced rill flow velocity was attributed to the consumption of runoff energy, slope surface roughness, and the headcut effect. Rill flow velocity was modelled by thawed soil depth, slope gradient and rainfall intensity using an empirical function. This function predicted values that were in good agreement with the measured data. These results provide the foundation for a better understanding of the effect of thawed soil depth on slope hydrology, erosion and the parameterization scheme for hydrological and soil erosion models.     

辽宁北部早古生代弧－陆碰撞作用的发现及其构造意义

自然资源部中国地质调查局沈阳地质调查中心基础地质室构造研究团队在辽宁北部法库地区地质调查过程中，初步识别出了一次弧－陆碰撞作用.根据地质年代学研究，其主要发生在早古生代.该发现为华北板块北缘东段松辽盆地覆盖区的早古生代的构造演化史研究提供重要依据.     

校正地基摄影获取树枝倾角

针对传统树枝倾角测量方法的复杂性和精度低的问题,该文提出了通过校正地基摄影获取树枝倾角的方法。基于投影变换和小孔成像原理,通过自制树枝模型的方法,分析了直接图上量取树枝倾角与真实值之间误差的成因,提出了基于投影变化的树枝倾角计算公式。结果表明:该研究获取树枝倾角的相对误差2.72%明显优于传统测量的31.33%,同时随拍摄距离变化,树枝倾角估算结果具有稳定性。该研究方法简单、有效,非常适合复杂环境下树枝倾角的大量提取,并提出了一种基于摄影成像原理获取树枝倾角的方法,发展了树枝倾角测量系统软件,提高测量精度并降低了测量难度。     

A Sensitivity Study of Arctic Ice-Ocean Heat Exchange to the Three-Equation Boundary Condition Parametrization in CICE6

In this study, we perform a stand-alone sensitivity study using the Los Alamos Sea ice model version 6 (CICE6) to investigate the model sensitivity to two Ice-Ocean (IO) boundary condition approaches. One is the two-equation approach that treats the freezing temperature as a function of the ocean mixed layer (ML) salinity, using two equations to parametrize the IO heat exchanges. Another approach uses the salinity of the IO interface to define the actual freezing temperature, so an equation describing the salt flux at the IO interface is added to the two-equation approach, forming the so-called three-equation approach. We focus on the impact of the three-equation boundary condition on the IO heat exchange and associated basal melt/growth of the sea ice in the Arctic Ocean. Compared with the two-equation simulation, our three-equation simulation shows a reduced oceanic turbulent heat flux, weakened basal melt, increased ice thickness, and reduced sea surface temperature (SST) in the Arctic. These impacts occur mainly at the ice edge regions and manifest themselves in summer. Furthermore, in August, we observed a downward turbulent heat flux from the ice to the ocean ML in two of our three-equation sensitivity runs with a constant heat transfer coefficient (0.006), which caused heat divergence and congelation at the ice bottom. Additionally, the influence of different combinations of heat/salt transfer coefficients and thermal conductivity in the three-equation approach on the model simulated results is assessed. The results presented in this study can provide insight into sea ice model sensitivity to the three-equation IO boundary condition for coupling the CICE6 to climate models.